A Literary Analysis of Still Alice Essay

Still Alice (Genova, 2009) is a dazzling presentation novel around a 50-year-old woman’s unexpected decay into beginning stage Alzheimer’s sickness. The book is composed by first time writer Lisa Genova, who holds a PH.D in neuroscience from Harvard University. She’s additionally an online feature writer for the national Alzheimer’s affiliation. Her different books incorporate Left Neglected and Love Anthony. She lives with her significant other and two kids in Cape Cod. The topic of the book is identified with the beginning stage Alzheimer’s illness and how the principle character, Alice Howland’s personal satisfaction or at the end of the day her way of life is influenced because of the malady she is determined to have (Genova, 2009). The epic reveals insight into the lives of those battling with this unpleasant illness of the brain and how their lives and individuals in them are influenced and upset as a result of it. The life and day by d ay exercises of a from the get-go set Alzheimer’s sickness persistent declines with time, if legitimate directing meetings and treatment are not led; their circumstance will deteriorate and bring about extreme harm to their emotional wellness. As the story starts, ordinary fights live in the Howland family unit. From their most youthful girl Lydia’s progressing debate about her future, to Alice and John’s own relationship, all while their bustling lives follow. Why couldn’t Lydia resemble the remainder of her family? Her sibling Tom and sister Anna followed in their parent’s strides. Attending a university and having effective professions was their lifestyle. John is a scholar and Alice a teacher of semantics, them two work at Harvard University. Lydia is the untouchable of the family. She ventures to the far corners of the planet, is effortless, and tries to be an entertainer. The rushed existences of both Alice and John burden their relationship. Strain increments with the story as Alice is determined to have beginning stage Alzheimer’s malady. The adapting aptitudes of Alice and her family with her analysis set the pace for the story. Alice’s inner clash expends her, in spite of the fact that she attempts to never let Alzheimer’s illness ch aracterize her. She is angry with herself for overlooking things, yet attempts to think of reasons concerning why she is overlooking. Her dad takes the brunt of all Alice’s outrage. Her disdain for him develops. For what reason did he need to end the lives of her mom and sister? Is it his flaw Alice has Alzheimer’s? Alice proceeds with a powerful urge to add to society. The once alienated connection among Alice and her little girl Lydia bit by bit improves, and aâ daughter discovers comfort in a mother she never knew. A spouse, who at one time remained by his significant other through everything, shocks his family and abandons his feeble wife for a new position opportunity. Still Alice is told as an outsider looking in perspective with constrained omniscience. The storyteller is Alice Howland, the primary character of the story. Through the book we can peruse the manner in which Alice is feeling, glancing through her eyes as the story unfurls. Be that as it may, in the last section of this novel the perspective changes to her better half, John Howland. Perusers can look on as John carries on with his life away from Alice in New York. The essential setting for still Alice (Genova, 2009) is in Cambridge Massachusetts were the primary character Dr. Alice Howland lives with her significant other, John Howland, and shows psychological brain research at Harvard University. Different settings remember their home for Chatham Massachusetts where Alice and John go to travel. The primary character is Dr. Alice Howland a cutting edge moderately aged proficient lady. She’s a splendid teacher encountering mental glitches like overlooking a word while giving a talk, losing keys, and so on. Alice thinks this is because of looming menopause, middle age or conceivably stress. Be that as it may, she hasn’t experienced menopause and she’s not feeling focused. The extremely important occasion is when Alice overlooks her direction home while running in Harvard square (p. 21). Suspecting that something isn't right and without disclosing to her significant other, Alice decides to see Dr. Davis a nervous system specialist who determined her to have beginning stage Alzheimer’s infection (p. 70). The analysis hits Alice and her family like a capital punishment. Alice understands that she doesn’t have enough time left and concludes that it ought to be gone through with her family. Her two more established kids Anna and Tom choose to experience hereditary testing for the Alzheimer’s quality. Her most established little girl Anna tests positive for the quality (p. 108). Alice turns out to be totally dependent on her blackberry to get past her day and turns into an extraordinary rundown producer however she can’t consistently comprehend her rundowns. As the sickness advances Alice leaves her showing position at Harvard University and quits any pretense of running since she has lost her feeling of profundity recognition. In spite of the fact that the sickness denies Alice of her recollections, she holds her comical inclination for example at the point when she attempts to wear her clothing as a games bra, â€Å"she giggles at her own ludicrous madness† (P. 199). Alice’s character is convincing, drawing in, and holds your consideration all through the book. John Howland is Alice’s spouse; he is a teacher of natural chemistry at Harvard University. When John gets some answers concerning Alice’s analysis, he imagines that she has been misdiagnosed. He demands hereditary testing, which would show that Alice has the Alzheimer’s quality. John battles to manage Alice’s finding. He turns into her essential guardian, yet will not take a gander at Alice when she takes out her pill box. He figures out how to keep functioning by leaving Alice huge update notes on the fridge not to go running alone (p. 196). John is clearly lamenting the loss of his better half yet can't communicate his feelings in a positive manner. An advancement at last happens when John can comfort his significant other when she encounters an incontinence scene (p. 150). Anna is Alice’s most seasoned girl; she’s an effective legal counselor and is hitched to Charles, additionally a legal advisor. Anna is solid and furiously autonomous simply like her mom. Anna manages her mother’s ailment by recommending that in the event that her mother â€Å"thinks for a second†, at that point perhaps she’ll have the option to recall things (p. 173). Anna, anyway still makes time to think about her mother when her father is away. Alice’s just child Tom is a minor character in the book. He is available during family get-togethers and significant minutes for example at the point when Alice unveils that she has Alzheimer’s malady (p. 103). He manages his mom‘s conclusion by being removed. The primary adversary in the book is Alice’s most youthful little girl Lydia Howland. She resists the family’s instructive convention and decides to take acting classes in Los Angeles in order to become an on-screen character. Lydia’s choice causes a great deal of contention between her folks. She’s the one in particular that will pass on the Alzheimer’s hereditary testing. In any case, as Alice’s condition break down, Lydia turns into the most significant player of the family; she becomes Alice’s number one supporter. She doesn’t attempt to â€Å"test† Alice’s memory however is there for her when she needs her (p. 162). The connection among Alice and Lydia improves. Lydia in the end tunes in to her mother’s guidance and selects at Brandies University to contemplate theater (p. 258). The symbolism in Still Alice is enthralling. It causes the peruser to remain alert, thinking about what will occur next in the story. The story is moving to such an extent that the peruser can basically picture the characters and bear their encounters through each of the five detects. One model of symbolism that is fascinating is when Alice is a visitor speaker at Stanford. Her certainty and love for her profession is tempting. She had discussed the specific subject various occasions and each time she had done this, she felt regarded. Alice had consistently talked without perusing herâ notes effortlessly. A ways into her conversation she out of nowhere gets baffled. â€Å"The information uncover that unpredictable action words expect access to the mental†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 10). The word was lost despite the fact that she saw completely what she had expected to state. As the scene is depicted, the peruser can get a feeling of frenzy that Alice is encountering (pp. 8-11). A life-changing representation of symbolism is when Alice goes for a go through Harvard Square, obstructs from her home and can't recollect her way back. The portrayal of her environmental factors is carved in the reader’s mind. â€Å"Steady stream of joggers, hounds and their proprietors, walkers, rollerbladers, cyclists, and ladies pushing babies in jogger carriages, similar to an accomplished driver on a consistently voyage stret ch of road† (pp. 20-21). â€Å"The hints of her Nikes hitting the asphalt in timed beat with the pace of her breath† (p. 20). â€Å"She realized she was in Harvard Square, however she didn’t realize what direction was home† (p.21). â€Å"People, vehicles, transports, and a wide range of deplorable clamor surged and wove past her† (p. 22). The peruser can detect Alice’s condition of fear during this scene. An important example of symbolism is when Alice visits her essential consideration doctor. At a certain point and time Dr. Moyer’s office held no negative connections for Alice. â€Å"I don’t think your memory issues are expected to menopause† (p.41). â€Å"She battled the motivations developing stronger inside her, imploring her to either rests or get the damnation out of that looking at room immediately.† The peruser can see the condition of nervousness Alice is in (p.41). Other specialist visits were similarly as fascinating. â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease†¦.The words took the breeze out of her†¦The sound of her name entered her every cell and appeared to dissipate her particles past the limits of her own skin† (pp. 70-71). The visit to Mount Auburn Manor Nursing Cent

Monetary and Fiscal Policies on Recession Research Paper

Money related and Fiscal Policies on Recession - Research Paper Example Subsequently, the pace of joblessness goes up diminishing the buying intensity of customers. Successively, cash flexibly in the economy turns out to be essentially low (Navarro, 2009). Monetary arrangement is utilized by governments to balance out total interest and total flexibly in the economy by affecting the administration spending, obtaining and tax collection. The administration utilizes financial strategy to change the examples of people’s spending. As indicated by Keynesian school, financial arrangement reestablishes work rates, request and yield where the economy is working underneath limit. Keynesian suggests two kinds of financial approaches; expansionary monetary strategy and contractionary financial arrangement. Expansionary financial approach is utilized where the legislature requires shortfall spending if there should be an occurrence of downturn while contractionary monetary arrangement is utilized when there is an abundance development which requires an excess in the financial plan (Renee, 2009). Fiscal arrangement is another apparatus used to deal with the total interest and flexibly by controlling the gracefully of cash in the economy. The administration utilizes the national bank to control development, liquidity, expansion and utilization because of changes in the measure of cash in the economy. The Federal Reserve System reacts to inordinate cash gracefully by raising the financing cost and brings down the loan costs when there is low cash flexibly in the market (Borio and Disyatat, 2010). The Great Recession of 2008 introduced extreme financial conditions in the US and furthermore in different nations. Moreover, the downturn was related with prolonged financial droops and moderate monetary recuperations. After downturn, the majority of the world economies went into discouragement and this caused a huge hole in the recuperation of the money, as the creating nations have more fragile monetary forms contrasted with the created nations.

Atoms essays

Particles articles Particles make up everything around us from the air we inhale to nourishment we eat and even the stars in the sky. The normal layman doesn't think a lot about the particle however in this paper I will clarify what and why they are. The word iota originates from the Greek word meaning unbreakable. The idea of the iota had its establishments in old Greece with Leucippe of Milet. In 420 B.C. his supporter Democrite of Abdere had the idea that molecules were particles in interminable movement and were undetectable as a result of their endlessly little size, unbreakable, strong, unceasing in light of the fact that they are great, encircled by an unfilled space, and having an endless number of shapes. His hypothesis was particularly near the truth, being that it was 420B.C. Today we realize that every particle is comprised of three sections, a proton, a neutron and an electron. These particles join to make mixes. The most fundamental particles are called components and can't be separated anything else than they as of now are. There are right now 118 known components 90 of them happening normally and the other 28 are man made. The components consolidate in a microscopic measure of approaches to make up everything around us. Made in 1869 by Mendeldiev the intermittent table of the components is the way we graph these components. Every segment on the occasional table is arranged by the measure of molecules in its components external field. Hydrogen, Lithium, and sodium all being in a similar section on the table have a similar measure of particles in their external field. Since the electrons in the external field direct the sorts of substance responses that a molecule can have, the iotas in a similar section have a portion of similar properties (concoction responses). We definitely realize that iotas are comprised of three unique parts (protons, neutrons, and electrons) yet how do these particles cooperate. Well the protons and neutrons (nucleons) are totally gathered in the core of the particle. Protons are sub-nuclear particles with a positive charge of +1. These particl... <!

The Most Important Figures In Medicine And Medical Sociology - 1100 Words

Biographical Paper on one of the important figures in medicine/medical sociology (Essay Sample) Content: Name Samuel Hahnemann Institution 1,284 words Samuel Hahnemann Samuel Hahnemann lived between April 10, 1755, and July 2, 1843; he was born in Saxony and died while in Paris (Twentyman 1975). Hahnemann was a scholar who studied his medical degree at Leipzig and later completed it in Vienna at Erlangen in 1779; Leipzig did not have the complete course of the program during the time. Hahnemann drew his inspiration in medicine from Von Quaritz- a private physician to the emperor. Following his qualifications, he tried practicing his skills in three different towns without success; he secured a job as an official physician at Gommern and later worked at the lunatic asylum at Georgenthel where he introduced the non-restrained treatment of the mentally-ill patients. In his early years of practicing medicine, Hahnemann wrote that â€Å"medical practice was uncertain and many patients would have done better without his interference† (Kelly 1964: 582). The essay examines Hahnemann’s contributions to the field of medicine; why his contribut ion was important, and how his contemporaries viewed his contribution. CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE Hahnemann translated the findings of William Cullen in an article Materia Medica, in German and scrutinized Cullen’s theories concerning the efficiency of Peruvian bark as a treatment for fever (Kelly 1964). Hahnemann performed several experiments on himself to test the efficiency of the Peruvian bark; he also used other important medicines and noted that â€Å"small doses of medicine produced the symptoms of the disease the medicine was supposed to cure† (Kelly 1964: 582; Ingalls 1958). He tested his theory on the mental-ill patients at Georgenthel. The findings inspired Hahnemann to develop a doctrine of similars in the Medical Journal of Hufeland in 1796. Again, in 1806, Hahnemann wrote Practice of Medicine Founded on Experience, that was later expanded in five editions as the Organon. Hahnemann is considered to be the founder of homeopathy as a method of treatment. According to Kiefer (2016), homeopathy is a medical system that holds that a human body can heal itself when small amounts of minerals or plants are introduced into the body to stimulate the process of healing. The theory behind the healing process is that â€Å"like cures like†; in Hahnemann’s view, the symptoms or diseases can be treated by drugs that had the ability to produce similar symptoms to the body. Hahnemann believed that the action of such drugs was intensified if administered in smaller doses. For instance, a snake bite could be treated by administering small amounts of the same kind of snake poison that was inflicted into the body. Allergies are treated with red onions because they have the ability to make people water their eyes (Kiefer 2016). During the period of 1828 to 1830, Hahnemann wrote four volumes of Chronic Diseases, A Society of Homeopathic Physicians was established at Leipzig which led to the establishment of the first homeopathic hospital in 1833 (Kelly 1964). Also, there was an establishment of A Journal of Homeopathy. Any form of opposition did not affect the spread of homeopathy. For instance, during 1834, â€Å"a Society of Homeopathic Physicians† was established in America, which was followed by a â€Å"Homeopathic Library in Philadelphia† (Kelly 1964: 583). Also, in 1836, the first printing of the Organon occurred in America. Why His Contribution Was Important Hahnemann’s system of treatment came at a time when there was a chaos of decaying traditional treatment methods, and primitive natural science that was still mechanistic where the role of the physician was to look at the outer natural phenomena without affecting it. Hahnemann believed that the role of a physician is not to be an observer, but a healer (Twentyman 1975). He held that the role of a physician was not to discover the type of ailments or their causes but to observe the symptoms of the disease since they represented the actual illness in its totality. If the symptoms of the illness are treated, the disease that is causing the symptoms will have been treated. Hahnemann established a new perception towards the disease. Hippocrates and Sydenham had felt that the chaos of the symptoms of illness could be ordered by understanding the ideas or purpose of nature’s healing efforts. Again, Brownian ideas were based on â€Å"hyper and hypo nervous irritability† (Twentyman 1975: 142). However, Hahnemann’s concept was that such chaos of symptoms could be understood together with the idea of a remedy. The treatment happens in the outer nature and since the symptoms are the manifestations of the disease when they are treated, the disease will be cured because the two exist as one. The establishment of a new monumental medicine was possible during the time Hahnemann was practicing medicine because the traditional and ancient medicine of Hippocrates had died (Twentyman 1975). Hahnemann’s contribution led to the new era of scientific consciousness in the field of medicine. For example, Hahnemann realized that the type of medicine that he had been taught contributed to the destruction o f â€Å"the vital energies that could heal the body and the mind in a gentle and permanent manner† (Chrisman n.d: 2). Therefore, he came up with a new approach to homeopathy which did not require opening up the body fluids during the process of treatment as envisioned by â€Å"bleed and purge† methodology. How his contemporaries viewed is contributions Hahnemann’s model of medicine was opposed by the Brownians who divided patients into two groups; first was the sthenic and second asthà ©nie patients (Kelly 1964). The sthenic patients were those which were subjected to homeopathy (treated through the likes) while the asthenie patients were treated through allopathy (treated through the opposites). Hahnemann’s opposers (allopaths) became relevant when Prince Schwarzenberg died while undergoing treatment using homeopathy model. The necropsy held that the Prince’s life ...

Nursing Theories, Theory of Needs, Virginia Henderson - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1638 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Virginia Henderson is one of the most recognized pioneer nurses that came up with very vital theories that are being put into practice in nursing profession up to date.   Basically the theories in nursing demonstrate a number of realities during their stages of development depending with the interest of the nursing fraternity at that particular time. Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in the year 1897. Throughout her life, she managed to earn herself a number of titles basing on her prowess in the field of nursing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nursing Theories, Theory of Needs, Virginia Henderson" essay for you Create order A number of people referred to her as the Nightingale of the modern day nursing, others referred to her as the mother of the modern day nursing not mentioning some people who described her as the Florence nightingale of the 20th century. This woman started her nursing journey in 1921 after attaining a diploma in nursing from the Army school of nursing, at the Walter reed hospital in Washington DC. Her career started immediately after graduation as she served at the Henry Street visiting nurse for a period of two years. Moving forward from her first job as a nurse, she went ahead at started teaching nursing at the Norfolk protestant hospital located in Virginia. She then decided to proceed with her education 8 years after attaining her diploma by enrolling for a bachelor’s degree at the teachers college at Colombia University. She attained her bachelor’s degree in 1932. She didn’t stop there as she proceeded with her master’s degree which she attained in 1934. After finishing her master’s degree at the Colombia University, she became a member if the teaching staff and stayed there up to 1948. She then proceeded to Yale University in 1953 where she occupied the position of a research associate in the school of nursing. The hard work and success of this woman never went unnoticed. This is because of the numerous recognitions that she received throughout her career. To start with, she received an honorary doctoral degree from a number of universities. This include pace university, university of western Ontario, the Catholic university of America, university of Rochester and the Yale University. In 1985, she gained recognition by being honored at the annual meeting held by the Nursing and Allied Health section of the medical library association.   Among her achievement is the revision of the Harmer’s classic textbook of nursing to its 4th edition in 1939. She went ahead and developed the 5th edition including a number of her personal definitions of nursing (Henderson, 1991). Unfortunately she died on the 19th of March, 1996. Background of Theory In most cases, Henderson referred to her definition of nursing as her concept (Henderson, 1991). One of her emphasis was on the importance of having a situation whereby the independence of the patient is increased so that the patient progress will not be delayed after the patient leaves the hospital (Henderson, 1991). She also emphasized on helping individuals to be able to gain independence in regards to doing a number of activities that will eventually lead to proper health or recovery (Henderson, 1996). Henderson came up with 14 categories of nursing activities depending of the needs of human beings. Apart from that, Henderson described the role of a nurse in three ways. First she believed that a nurse role is substitutive, this is to say that a nurse is supposed to do some things for the patient. She went ahead and described the role of a nurse as supplementary; this is to mean that a nurse is supposed to help a patient in situations where they cannot do things themselves. Finally she described the nursing role as complementary that is working hand in hand with the patient. All these are geared towards helping the patient gain a considerable level of independence. According to Henderson nursing is defined as, the unique function where a nurse is required to help an individual whether well or sick in doing some activities that add up to the wellbeing of the individual or otherwise peaceful death that the individual would have done by himself if he had the required strength, knowledge or will. A nurse is required to this in such a way that the individual will attain independence as first as possible (Henderson, 1996). The 14 components of nursing based on human needs Normal breathing, proper eating and adequate drinking Body wastes should be eliminated iii. Proper movement and maintenance of posture that is desirable Proper sleep and rest Proper selection of clothes and the ability to dress and undress Proper maintenance of the body temperature at the allowable range through the adjustment of clothing or changing the environment vii. The body should be kept clean and proper groomed and at the same time the integument should be protected viii. Beware of dangers posed by the environment in order to avoid injury on oneself or to others Ability to communicate with other human beings through the expression of emotions, opinions, fears or needs One is required to worships depending on his/her faith Ensure that in whatever work you do, you end up with a sense of accomplishment xii. Participation in any form of recreation xiii. Human beings are supposed to be in a position to learn or to discover or to satisfy their level of curiosity in such a way that it leads to proper development which is normal and healthier. xiv. People are required to make use of the health facilities around them Assumptions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theory has three major assumptions: Nurses are responsible for the care of patients up to the extent in which the patient is able to care for themselves Nurses are very willing to help the patients and they can devote themselves fully day and night Nurses should have university education entailing both arts and sciences Henderson’s Theory and the Major Concepts individual Individual have needs which are basic therefore they sometimes need help in order to gain independence, health or peaceful death. The body and mind of individuals are inseparable and interrelated.   Components that are put in consideration are the biological, sociological, psychological and spiritual components. In other words the theory describes a patient one made of parts having bio psychological needs. Environment This is the place in which individual develop different patterns to aid in living. This includes all the external factors that play a role in life and development. It also involves the relationship of an individual with family. Nursing involves creating an environment that will enable an individual to perform all the 14 nursing activities without help. iii. Health Health is the ability of an individual to perform all the 14 activities without an aid. Nurses are entitled to promote health by preventing and curing diseases. Nursing Nursing is the process of temporarily assisting someone who is not able to perform the 13 components independently. Nurses are meant to help patients gain a sense of independence.   Nurses are required to have the knowhow of practicing human and individualized care and they should be able to solve problems scientifically. Application of Henderson’s Theory to the Nursing Practice There are quite a number of applications of the theory to today’s nursing practice. First and foremost, the 14 fundamental activities as stated by Henderson are of quite importance in the nursing practice. This is quite evident in how nurses usually carries out their task in helping their patients to meet their needs be it social, physical, spiritual or emotional by looking into the patients normal breathing ability, proper eating and adequate drinking. Apart from that is the ability of the patient to eliminate body waste. These are some of the primary concerns that nurses usually address. Secondly, it is also evident that nurses are quite devoted to their work. This is attributed to the fact that they are always available 24 hours in the 7 days of the week as they really want to help the patients gain dependence as fast as possible. Nurses are willing to help the patients in meetings their needs something that the patient or family members cannot provide. Cases of stroke are on the rise, leading to patients getting disabilities such as paralysis. This makes the aspect of moving and maintaining a desirable posture very hard for them. Therefore in order to prevent other complications, nurses usually step in by helping the patients to move around and maintain a desirable posture by using their knowledge and skills. Apart from that, the nurses usually impart knowledge to the patient and the family members on what needs to be done. This means that once the patient leaves the hospital, they can still gain quick dependence. Another important factor in this theory is the aspect of breathing. Henderson describes how normal breathing is very important for human life. That why we see administration of oxygen in most hospitals. Apart from that Henderson includes proper eating. This is what necessitated things like nasogastric tube insertion used for feeding patients as it helps in their nourishment. Also adding water to patients also is an application of this theory as it states that patients should have adequate drinking. Limitations of this Theory There are a number of limitations associated with this theory: It lacks the conceptual linkage between the physiological characteristics and other human characteristics Unclear relationship among the 14 fundamental needs iii. Little explanation of what a nurse does in helping a patient attain peaceful death There is no concept of the holistic nature of human beings Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to note the entire theory was propagated by what Henderson believes to be the perfect definition of nursing. Her emphasis was mainly placed on the basic human needs. This has paved way for the development of other theories that deals with personal needs and the input of nurses in attaining such needs. Generally, the 14 fundamental needs as described by Henderson are very clear and self-explanatory.

Essay on The Phenonmeon of The Teen Mom - 1110 Words

Teen Mom II is the second incarnation of MTVs number one rated reality mini-series 16 and Pregnant. The show documents the lives of four teenage mothers as they struggle to cope with the every day challenges, financial and emotional, a woman faces while raising her first infant child. All while trying to navigate through the journey of adolescence. Once catering primarily to the music oriented teenage consumer of the 1980s and 1990s, MTV has since reinvented itself as a reality television repository for tweens, teens and young adults. Many of the reality shows on MTV, including Teen Mom II, consistently dominate cable ratings and have recently been breaking weeknight ratings records. Although advertisers eagerly race to gain the†¦show more content†¦While on camera,he then continues to berate and degrade her by saying if she was more friendly, he â€Å"might not have† cheated on her and besides, â€Å"everybody cheats.† Sadly these type of verbal exchanges betw een the T.V. teen moms and dads is commonplace to the point its become expected. In episode seven of the series, â€Å"Switching Gears,† teen mom Kailyn Lowry, is desperate to attain some sort of independence from her child’s father family and decides to move out on her own. When she makes her announcement, Jo the father of her baby, responds with cruel text messages detailing how he regrets having the baby. The behaviors of young teen parents routinely portrayed in Teen Mom II, while horrendous, makes for great television. Martin Kaplan, a media professor at the University of Southern California school of Communication, wrote, â€Å"The appeal of these shows is that the producers and casting directors have figured out we have reptile brains, and that there is stuff that we can’t resist because of the species we are.† If the entertainment factor can’t be denied, then should the stereotypes reinforced by Teen Mom II and the potential negative effect s it may have on viewers also not be denied then? A study done by Margaret J.Hefner and Jamie Comstak titled Compliance Gaining on Prime Time Family Programing states â€Å"Individual’s stereotypes, role learning, aggression and world views can beShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Phenonmeon of Teen Mom1606 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Mom II is the second incarnation of MTVs number one rated reality series 16 and Pregnant. The show documents the lives of four teenage mothers as they struggle to cope with the burden of childrearing in a financially demanding society while trying to navigate through the journey of adolescence. Once catering to a music oriented teenage consumer, MTV has reinvented itself as a teen reality television powerhouse, with many of its reality shows, including Teen Mom II, consistently dominating in

Gun Control vs Gun Rights free essay sample

Choose an example of a type of new company you could start, and then use this company idea to answer the questions below. You might choose a pet store, a restaurant, a tutoring business, or something else. This can be the same type of company you chose in assignment 8 or 9, or it can be different. a. Describe the type of business you chose. (1-2 sentences. 0. 5 points) b. Describe at least two ways in which the local, state, or federal government would have an impact on your business. 2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) 2. Describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage of price ceilings and price floors. Do you think price ceilings and floors are more helpful or more harmful to consumers and the economy? Explain. (2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) 3. Describe at least two negative outcomes of having too little money and credit in the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control vs Gun Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) 4. Describe at least two negative outcomes of having too much money and credit in the economy. 2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) 5. Which Fed tool do you think is most important, and why? (2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) 6. Choose one of the following government agencies or laws: Search online to learn more about the agency or law, and then describe three specific things the law or agency accomplishes. Make sure the information comes from a trustworthy website. Include a link to the website in your answer. (3-6 sentences. . 5 points) 7. Describe at least two products that are commonly imported into the United States. (1-2 sentences. 0. 5 points) 8. Describe at least two products that are commonly exported from the United States to other countries. (1-2 sentences. 0. 5 points) 9. Why does the U. S. government encourage U. S. companies to sell their products in other countries? Explain how this helps the U. S. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) 10. Find the value of one U. S. dollar in a foreign currency.

My Life As A Poet Essays - Fiction, Childrens Literature, Childhood

My Life As A Poet Are the philosophical, educational, and sociological theories of childhood reflected in literature for children? If so, how? To what extent does Aesop contribute to our understanding of many early children's books? How does the popular reading of children over the years relate to what scholars have said about the history of childhood and of children's literature? How much did early publishers influence the writing and illustrating of books for children? How does lithography and the book, illustration and design in the commercial sector contribute to our understanding of this process in publication? How does the history of the alphabet contribute to our knowledge of early children's books? To what extent does the history of American children's literature reflect the ideals and attitudes of the American experience? How has the history of children's literature been related to the teaching of reading? What are some of the design factors related to children's books? To what extent were early textbooks avenues for recreation and entertainment for children? What do the changes in versions and variants of traditional folk and fairy tales over time tell us about changing perceptions of childhood? In what ways does the Snow White site demonstrate changes over time? How has the reviewing process influenced what is made available to the child? How is the culture of childhood (family life, games, peer relationships) revealed in literature for children? What distinctions can be drawn between sentiment and sentimentality in the history of children's literature? How was gender revealed in the composition and content of 19th and early 20th century children's literature? How were minorities (religious, racial,cultural) treated in early children's literature? Compare and contrast the representation and function of 'landscape' in two or more books from this semester's reading list. What is its effect on the book as a whole? (b) Discuss the author's techniques and themes in two or more of the books on the reading list for this semester. What do the books reveal about social life and the construction of childhood/adolescence? Poetry Essays

University of Alabama UAB Admissions and ACT Scores

University of Alabama UAB Admissions and ACT Scores The University of Alabama at Birmingham is a moderately accessible school, accepting 58  percent of its applicants. Learn more about its admissions requirements, SAT and ACT scores that will enhance your chance of acceptance. You can calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) University of Alabama at Birmingham Acceptance Rate: 58  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for UAB AdmissionsTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 480 / 640SAT Math: 490 / 660What these SAT numbers meanCompare Alabama SAT scoresC-USA SAT comparison chartACT Composite: 21  / 28ACT English: 22 / 30ACT Math: 19 / 26What these ACT numbers meanCompare Alabama ACT scoresC-USA ACT comparison chart University of Alabama at Birmingham Description: UAB, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, is the largest employer in Alabama. Established as an academic extension of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, the school became a fully-fledged university in 1969. The university has numerous strengths, particularly in the health sciences. Students can choose from a number of majors, with Biology, Nursing, Education, and Psychology among the most popular. Academics are supported by an 18 to 1 student/faculty ratio. High achieving students should check out UABs University Honors Program with its opportunities for travel and independent study. Even more prestigious is the Science and Technology Honors Program which allows students to attend symposia and conduct individual research with faculty members. Outside of the classroom, students can participate in a number of clubs and activities, including academics clubs (Anthropology Club, Criminal Justice Student Organization), performing arts groups (Rangeela, Ballroom Dancing, A Capella), and recreational clubs (Cricket Club, Bodybuilding Club, Table Tennis). UAB also has an active Greek life, with both fraternities and sororities on campus. In athletics, the UAB Blazers compete in the NCAA Division I Conference USA. Popular sports include Soccer, Football, Basketball, and Softball. Enrollment (2015) Total Enrollment: 18,333  (11,511 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 41 percent male / 59 percent female72 percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $8,040  (in-state); $18,368 (out-of-state)Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,682Other Expenses: $4,886Total Cost: $25,808 (in-state); $36,136 (out-of-state) University of Alabama at Birmingham Financial Aid (2015 -15) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 92  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 85 percentLoans: 50  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $8,609Loans: $6,833 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biology, Communication Studies, Criminal Justice, Early Childhood Education, History, Nursing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Retention and Graduation Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 82  percentTransfer Out Rate: 24 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 30 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 53  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Baseball, Football, Golf, Soccer, Basketball, TennisWomens Sports:  Track and Field, Basketball, Volleyball, Bowling, Soccer, Tennis, Softball, Rifle If You Like UAB, You May Also Like These Colleges: University of Alabama at HuntsvilleAuburn UniversityUniversity of AlabamaUniversity of South AlabamaAlabama AMTroy UniversityJacksonville State UniversityUniversity of West AlabamaBirmingham Southern CollegeSamford University University of Alabama at Birmingham Mission Statement: mission statement from uab.edu/plan/ UABs mission is to be a research university and academic health center that discovers, ​teaches and applies knowledge for the intellectual, cultural, social and economic benefit of Birmingham, the state and beyond. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Ralph Ellisons Battle Royal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ralph Ellisons Battle Royal - Essay Example "Battle Royal" holds a permanent interest because its underlying themes are human ones, with those being the battle against prejudice and the struggle to find a place in society. On the surface, Ellison's focus is upon the racial prejudices which confronted African Americans during a specific time in history. As that time has passed, the theme should have no continued, relevant current interest. The fact that it does is because racial prejudices are not the only form of discrimination which confront people. Any and all differences are a cause for prejudice and discrimination. In this sense, Ellison addresses all people and in the grandfather's words, provides advice for survival against prejudice. As the grandfather advises: "Live with your head in the lion's mouth. I want you to overcome'em with yeses, undermine'em with grins, agree'em to death and destruction, let'em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open" (Ellison, 1952: 938). While it may have been offered to a young black male in the pre-civil rights era, this advice is valid for all. It warns against confrontation, insists upon the possibility of defeating one's enemy through passivity and, inde ed, provides a strategy for survival.

Motion of Dismissal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Motion of Dismissal - Research Paper Example Details of section 2-619 of the Illinois codes of civil procedures It is evident from the daily business activities regarding mortgages, that all mortgage transaction contains an acceleration clause. This clause in different instances requires the lender to make provisions to the borrower with a default notice, and the intent to accelerate. There is also an emphasis that the lender should provide the instructions, which can be taken as a remedy of the default date, and a new date set within 30 days in which the borrower must remedy the default (Lauterpacht and Greenwood, 1999). Lenders often ignore the clause; this is a condition, that actionable by a court of law in a foreclosure action. However, the precedent condition must be considered before another action. Such instances force the lender to follow the guidelines outlined in the mortgage acceleration clause before finding the foreclosure. Failing to follow the above guidelines do not invalidate the mortgage, though it may cause temporal dismissal of the foreclosure claims, therefore, resetting the borrower’s clock for the distress. In Illinois State, the 2-619 motion results from modification of the 2-615 motion and the 2-1005 motion. That is; they dismiss for failure motion on state claim, and the summary judgment motion. They both have a defensive nature, thus disposing the issues of facts and law. The motion adheres to the sufficiency and truth of the claim though it does not purpose the asserted affirmative matters (Lauterpacht and Greenwood, 1999). Affirmative matters refer to defenses that, either refutes critical conclusion, or negates a cause of action. Section 2-619 makes provisions for affirmative defenses; one can bring it regardless of the fact that it is retaining past the point of filling a 2-619 motion. Filling a Defamation Complaint Libel is a false statement from an individual, which in turn causes suffering to the other person. Defamation refers to a libelous statement in a print s tate. Traditionally, a print refers to a statement published in a newspaper or a letter, but in the recent days, it refers to the internet, and other mass media. Technology has been an element which is leading to increase in cases of defamation. Ideal examples are social networking sites such as Facebook, which brings the highest level of defamation that ever in the history. A court of law requires one to prove defamation through the following: 1. There must be a false statement from the defendant to the plaintiff 2. The statement must have reached a third party, through provable means. This means that the defendant must communicate the statement to the other person or persons. 3. The statement has to be harmful to the plaintiff 4. There must be damages on the part of the victim Making false statements If there is a false statement published about a public figure, it is the responsibility of the public to prove that the statement has a malicious intention in making the untrue statem ent. There are different standards for public figures, as they expect statements based on their public status. There have been arguments on the definition of public status, but there they not yet fruitful. The current definition from leading philosophers’ state that, public figure is something the public value in ones character. In many

Janis Joplin Essay Example for Free

Janis Joplin Essay Perhaps Ralph Waldo Emerson was right and may as well have referred to Janis Joplin as he was saying this quotation had he lived during Joplin’s time. With her death at a young age of 27, it had been a short-lived life the musical genius Janis Joplin had. We may not know whether or not her cousins can tell nothing about her but her life deserves to be relived and I am here to write about it. A look into the context in which she lived will help give a better understanding of how the course of her life was influenced and came to be the way it was. Janis Joplin is one of the most prominent individuals in the 1960s, an era considered to be a revolution of sorts. Beginnings On the morning of January 19, 1943, Janis Lyn was born to be the eldest child of Seth and Dorothy Joplin. It was years later that she would have younger siblings Michael and Laura making them a middle-class family composing of five members. Growing up in an industrial town called Port Arthur in Texas crowded with oil refineries, chemical plants, factories, and rows of oil-storage tanks with fumes hanging in the air, it wasn’t the best place to satisfy the brilliant and inquisitive little Janis as there wasn’t much room for activities and recreations. Although that was the case, she did well in school, having a great interest and aptitude for reading and painting. As a child, she already had a reputation for singing as one of the soloists in their church choir. According to one of her friends, she had been popular in Port Arthur as a talented and cute little girl. Janis considered her childhood as relatively pleasant. It was only at the age of fourteen, as confessed in many of her various interviews, that she felt like the world turned on her. That was the time she gained weight and had acne problems, problems which meant most than anything for teenagers. The eventual lost of her looks coincided badly with her entry to the highschool world where the popular girls were the ones with good looks and Janis just fell behind (Echols, 2000). While at the Thomas Jefferson highschool, Janis took rejection by heart (Amburn, 1993). Used to having attention on her, she started acting out and whilst she began to receive attention, she even emphasized her being different. She was determined to keep the attention on her even if it was a negative one. She became a beatnik girl who would flaunt her eccentric clothes ranging from above-the-knee skirts, black or purple tights coupled with liking unconventional and ‘different’ liberal arts and music. As Echols put it, â€Å"she was bent on becoming an eyesore, an affront to everything the townspeople believed in. Indeed, Janis was eager to defy as many social conventions as she could. This made her parents unhappy- â€Å"she just changed totally, overnight† quoting her mother Dorothy. As an underage girl, her defiant attitude was too much that one incident happened involving the police after she took a ride with her male friends who were overage. This made her even more the topic of talks and gossips around their Pleasantville of a town. She was much into music and drinking, acting as if these two things are wedded. And this always gets her into trouble. She was often sent to the counselor’s office for misbehavior and drinking (Echols, 2000). Her parents were baffled and felt helpless. Joplin’s rebellious proclivity was unwavering, she just wanted to be different and be free to express herself. Little did they know that Janis’ rebellious actions symbolize the beginning of an inevitable social revolution and an â€Å"emerging generation gap† that was about to come(Echols, 2000). The fact was: it wasn’t just Joplin; it was going to be a collective movement. The Sixties was well on its way. The Sixties†, as it is often used in popular culture by some journalists, historians and other academes, has seen many varied influential and transforming trends in culture and ideologies which can be described as nothing less than exciting, powerful, radical and even rebellious. It was a time when people are trying to break free from the rigid and conformist social norms and social constraints in search for individual freedom (Booker, 1970). It could be said that this period of history has a great impact on Janis Joplin and further influenced not only her genius but how her entire life turned out. Musical Inclination Music would eventually become a passion for Joplin. Aside from singing in their local church choir, Janis developed her musical interest further after befriending a group of outsiders as a teenager. She and this gang would listen and idolize African-American Blues artists such as Leadbelly whose album was the first she claimed she ever purchased (Echols, 2000). During highschool she continued listening to blues music and listened to other blues artists like Bessie Smith, Big Mama Thornton and Odetta. And even later on, she will begin singing blues and folks songs together with some friends, imitating the artists’ husky yet soulful voices. Amburn, 1993). She always had a gut feel about her singing ability but it wasn’t until she imitated Odetta and performed one of her songs which stunned her friends that she she confirmed, she indeed â€Å"has a voice. † Her early efforts included playing in coffee houses in their small town. Talent, Notoriety and Fame In 1963, she left for San Francisco and found herself residing in North Beach. She also ventured to other places like Venice, the Village, New York and Haight-Ashbury acquiring further experiences and experimenting on her music and creativity. It wasn’t just a year ago that she started taping her first song at a friend’s house and a year after she would record more songs with her friends Jorma Kaukonen and Martha Kaukonen providing her accompaniments. An album called Typewriter tape will be released containing seven tracks including â€Å"Long Black Train Blues,† â€Å"Nobody Knows You When Youre Down and Out,† â€Å"Typewriter Talk,† Kansas City Blues,† â€Å"Trouble In Mind,† â€Å" Hesitation Blues,† and â€Å"Daddy, Daddy, Daddy† . As the Sixties progress, various movements are emerging from the left and right. The counterculture and social revolution was spreading. A popular term emerged as the hippies, a youth movement characterized strongly by a shift towards a more liberated society. It includes the questioning groups created a movement toward liberation in society, including sexual revolution, questioning of authority and government, fighting for the freedom and rights of the marginalized groups including Negroes, women, homosexuals, and minorities. The use of marijuana, heroine, LSD and various others drugs and listening to psychedelic music were also rampant. Janis would not be left behind and took part in these movements. Joplin’s waywardness continued well into those years. Around that time, she increased her drug use and took on a reputation as a frequent heroine user and a thrill-freak (Amburn, 1993). She was also heavy on alcohol and other intoxicants and even engaged in sexual high. In 1965, she was described as skeletal, even emaciated due to the effects of her amphetamine use (Amburn, 1993). For some time, she was convinced by her friends to become sober and to refrain from drug use. An old friend and then manager Chet Helms of a group called Big Brother was attracted by Joplin’s bluesy voice. On June 4, 1966, Joplin officially joined the band. Their first public performance was in San Francisco at the Avalon Ballroom. Her drug use was kept at bay with the help of her friends who she lived within a communal apartment (Friedman, 1992). They signed a deal with Mainstream Records on the 23rd of August of 1966. A year after, the band released their debut album by Columbia Records. Joplin and her band gradually gained fame after several follow-up performances including those in Monterey Pop Festival, appearances in television such as The Dick Cavett Show. She received positive reviews from various magazines labelling her as a powerful singer and a staggering woman of rock and roll. Eventually, she would leave the Big Brother band and went for a solo career and would later form a band called the Kozmic Blues and another group, which she would call her as her own called the Full Tilt Boogie Band. After breaking up again with the band, she recorded several songs which would be released after her death and would become the highest-selling album of her career. It included the best hit single †Me and Bobby McGee†, a cover of Kris Kristofferson’s who had been her ex-lover. Janis Joplin died on October 4, 1970 at the age of 27 years. Legacy Janis Joplin can be considered as the Queen of Rock and Roll in the late 1960s. She was a music icon which would influence the music scene in the years to come. She was an established female star who had success in a male-dominant music scene. Fans and musical experts alike would consider her songs as immortal and contiunes to influence modern day music and artists. She also made contributions to the fashion industry. The way she dressed herself had been another avenue for her self-expression. In interview after interviews, she would update the media of her latest fashion statement from her clothes, to her hair styles, hair accessories, body decorations, and body accessories. She would also affect the movie industry influencing and inspiring movie directors, actors and actresses such as Better Midler especially in the 1979 film entitled The Rose which would garner her an academy nomination for her performance as Janis Joplin. Other films were also produced based on her life including Gospel According to Janis. A musical play was composed in the 1990s, which will then win a praise and be lauded together with the outstanding performances of the artists who would play Janis. She would also receive posthumous awards including the Grammy Lifetime Achievment and the induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In the arts, some of her personal artifacts including the Porsche she owned were displayed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Musuem Exhibition which will serve as a testimony to the psychedelic era dubbed as â€Å"The Summer of Love- Art of the Psychedelic Era†. This made people reminisce to that nostalgic and definitely not-forgotten era of the human history. Truly, Janis Joplin was a genius not only of her time but her genius continues to live and influence various industried today.

Essay --

Guidelines You are required to carry out a research project using the Internet. The title of your project is Security and Confidentiality on the Internet. Produce a 1500 word report examining the following areas in regard to the Internet. †¢ Identify three different Internet Service Providers and compare and contrast – Connection methods – cost comparison. †¢ Discuss the minimum hardware and software requirements for connecting to the internet. †¢ Discuss the function of IP addresses and how they apply to communicating on the internet. †¢ Show the steps in registering domain name for user, indicating the different options that have to be considered. †¢ Explain how a computer system can be protected from viruses transmitted via the net †¢ Outline teh use of firewalls to protect against unauthorised access. †¢ Describe the use of digital signatures to verify identity on the internet. †¢ Explain the purpose and potential risk associated with cookies. â€Æ' Internet Internet is computers network connected around the World via dedicated servers. When your computer is connected to the internet you can send, received all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, programs and video. The Internet history began with development of the computers. First message was sent over the ARPaNet (The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory. The ARPaNet in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. Internet Service Providers In the Ireland are a lot of Internet Service Provider (or ISP), but how to know which one is the best and available in your location. I will look ... ...nformation such as previous activitie, shoping chart, login information. Potantial risk using cookies is 2 types. First is web sites can gather and sell your personal information. Second risk is web sites can track users activities across multiple web sites. These are risks of privacy more than risks of damage to hardware or software. â€Æ' Used Material: http://www.uswitch.ie/broadband/ - for compare ISP (internet Service Provider) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet - Wiki page about History about the Internet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address - Wiki page about IP address http://whatismyipaddress.com/dynamic-static - Wiki page about IP address types www.website.org – Web page to create sub Domain http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/ - anti virus software reviews http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie - wiki page about Cookies

HR Planning Case Study Essay

Xerox is a widely known firm worldwide, but it has been through numerous crises in the past decade. In fact, at one point several years ago, there were questions about Xerox surviving as a firm. But no longer. Under the leadership of Anne Mulcahy as CEO, Xerox has rebounded. Numerous strategic business and financial decisions had to be made, including reducing the workforce by 30,000. But Mulcahy also stressed that HR had to become a more strategic contributor. One of the actions taken was to consolidate a number of HR functions from different busi-ness units into a corporate HR Service Center. This center performs many administrative trans-actions, and has added Internet- based systems to make HR services more accessible to managers and employees. To track employees’ views on the company and HR, employee surveys on the company in-tranet have been used for several years. Areas at which lower scores were recorded have been addressed by HR staff and other managers. The survey results have led to another primary focus at Xerox: employee retention. With all of the reductions and organizational restructurings, keeping the remaining employees, especially high- potential ones, has been a continuing emphasis. Xerox has invested significant time and resources into training and development of its employees, an important retention factor. Greater use of e- learning, technology, and leadership development have paid off in reducing turnover and convincing employees that career opportunities exist at Xerox. Continuing com-petitive pressures are presenting new challenges for Xerox and its HR staff. The strategic importance of HR has been demonstrated in the past, and looks to be a part of the firm’s future.

Domestic Violence - Why Women Stay - 2831 Words

Why Do Women Stay? Domestic violence is a serious and complex plague of society that affects all, but women make up the largest number of victims in most case studies. In the United States alone, 1.5 million women are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner each year. More than 500,000 women victims require medical treatment, and 324,000 victims are pregnant at the time of assault (Berlinger, Taking 42). Numbers like these show how intense the situation of domestic violence truly is. Two women a week are killed by a current or former partner and domestic violence accounts for 22% of all recorded violent crimes (Jamil 70). Domestic violence takes such a large number in percentages regarding violent crimes, yet often is†¦show more content†¦She is looking for a man who promises everything, delivers nothing, and possibly is physically controlling. In the beginning of time animals and humans only chose a mate for procreation and it was not until the last thousand years that humans wou ld choose a life partner. The only problem with dating is that people put on a facade and the true self takes time to get to know. In a domestic violence relationship there may be months or even years of psychological and emotional abuse that might start off as jealousy, which many women find flattering, but will escalate to name calling or making her feel guilty over some uncontrollable situations (Marvin 16). Over time this will crush what little is left of her central ego making her feel responsible and no longer in control. This characterization of verbal abuse and sometimes mild physical aggression is the first in a three stage pattern in the Cycle Theory of Violence called the Tension Building Stage, (Celani 70). This is the longest phase in the cycle. The male abuser sees his female partner as a rejecting object, perhaps because she failed to meet his (infantile) needsÂ… Now he has the power to actively revenge himself against the object that he feels is frustrating him, ( 70). Many women can sense when her partner has become increasingly agitated and become more nurturing or compliant toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Domestic Violence: Why Do Women Stay?1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is battering? Why do men batter? Why do women stay? These are all questions that I will answer. I will also offer insight into the minds of victims that may help give a better understanding to the devastating cycle that hides behind the doors of many homes today that is known as Domestic Violence. What is battering? Battering is a pattern of behavior that is used to establish power and control over another person. This control can be obtained through many different avenues. Minimizing, makingRead MoreEssay about Domestic Violence: Why Do Women Stay?2754 Words   |  12 Pagesunconscious. Why do women stay with men who beat them unconscious? Domestic violence is a serious and complex plague of society that affects all, but women make up the largest number of victims in most case studies. In the United States alone, 1.5 million women are rapedRead MoreGeneral Characteristics of Battered Woman Syndrome1700 Words   |  7 Pagesestimated 1.3 million women are victims of physical assault by an intimate partner each year. A surfacing psychologic al condition known as Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS), develops after experiencing physical and emotional abuse over an extended period of time. BWS has been subcategorized as a form of post-traumatic stress disorder, proving that it is indeed, a very serious and severe condition. Battered Woman Syndrome causes severe, emotional and psychological trauma in women after prolonged abuseRead MoreWhat Causes Victims Of Domestic Violence1257 Words   |  6 PagesWhat causes victims of domestic violence to stay? Every year in the United States, One in four women are victims of the domestic violence; however, this is only based on what has been reported to the department of justice (Stahly 2008). While men are also victims of domestic violence, women are more often the victims. Moreover, 90% of domestic violence is male initiated. In severe cases domestic violence ends with victims being murdered. More specifically, domestic violence resulted in 2,340 deathsRead MoreWhat crime affects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime1100 Words   |  5 Pagesaffects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime is responsible for about 30% of female murders (Asher, Elba). Women need to comprehend the seriousness of this crime and know that there are laws to protect them so that they will not feel so helpless in any violent dispute. Domestic Violence has drastically increased over the years. Violence in the home is a concern for most. The most affected victims rather it’s emotionally or physically are women. They fall intoRead MoreStay Decisions On Domestic Abusive Relationships1309 Words   |  6 PagesStay-Leave Decisions in Domestic Abusive Relationships Jennypher White George Mason University Abstract Prior research has given a variety of explanations for the reasons domestic violence men and women decided to stay in an abusive relationship. Operant conditioning principles theories This study will implement the principles of operant conditioning to explain the challenges domestic violence victims face when making decisions to either stay or leave the abuser. The participants in this experimentRead MoreImplications Of Domestic Abuse On Women1036 Words   |  5 PagesImplications of Domestic Abuse on Women In a broad sense, domestic abuse is a set of problems related to family violence. Domestic violence is characterized by a pattern of violent or abusive behavior by one person in a domestic context against another, such as in a marriage or cohabitation (Paul, 2004). Domestic abuse can negatively affect anyone in any culture, age, race, and gender. Intimate partner violence is a type of violence that falls under domestic violence (Roberts, 2008). Other typesRead MoreImportant Statistics Regarding The Frequency Of Domestic Violence965 Words   |  4 Pagesfrequency of domestic violence Domestic violence is a common real life issue in our society. It happens in all ethnic groups, social classes, religions, and cultures. In the U.S., a woman is beaten or assaulted every nine seconds. Moreover, between three million and four million women are abused yearly by an intimate partner. One in four women will experience domestic violence during her lifetime. A study that was conducted in walk-in clinics and emergency rooms, reported that 54 percent of women that wereRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1601 Words   |  7 PagesWhy does he hit me? Why am I scared to come home to my husband after work? Why does he make me feel guilty for situations I can’t control? These are questions that women who suffer from domestic violence ask themselves everyday. Thousands of women every year face abuse from their male partners. It is estimated that three women a day are murdered in the US everyday by a current or past male partner (Huffington Post), therefore prov ing that an argument between two people in love can result in moreRead MoreDomestic Violence Past And Present1374 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognize the outcomes of domestic violence, it is key to know precisely what domestic violence is. Domestic violence is anything that involves physical damage, sexual assault, or distress of physical damage. In order to aid individuals who are going through domestic violence, it is fundamental to have a healthier understanding of what triggers domestic violence and how it affects the mistreated, abuser, and children of the mistreated. The history of domestic violence goes back all the way to

A Brief Note On Diabetic Foot Ulcers And Diabetes

Diabetic Foot Ulcers Abigail McBrien Introduction Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, is a condition that affects either the pancreas s ability to produce insulin, or the body s ability to effectively use the insulin produced. A common effect of diabetes is hyperglycemia – raised blood sugar (World Health Organisation 1999). The World Health Organisation states that, in 2014, the world prevalence of diabetes amongst adults (aged over 18) was 9% (World Health Organisation 2012). The organisation also estimates that more than 347million people worldwide, including 2.9million in the UK alone, have diabetes (Diabetes 2015). There are two types of diabetes. Type one, often referred to as juvenile diabetes, is common amongst children. It can,†¦show more content†¦Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey has found that more than 2 out of 3 adults is overweight or obese. This same survey found that 1 in 3 children and teenagers (aged six to nineteen) are overweight or obese. Being overweight or obese at such a young age will likely cause these children to develop many serious conditions later on in life, including: coronary heart disease, type two diabetes, and even some types of cancer. This paper will focus on a common, though not inevitable, side effect of Diabetes – Diabetic Foot Ulcers. An ulcer is a wound or sore that fails to heal correctly or at all. In well-developed countries, it is estimated that the annual incidence of foot ulcers in diabetic patients is 2%. However, in less-developed countries, where diabetes is more common, it is estimated to be much higher (Boulton 2005). The leading cause of hospitalisation, of diabetic patients, is foot disorders including ulceration, gangrene, and infection (Boulton 2005). Unfortunately, due to infection or severe ischaemia, an inadequate blood supply, a large number of these cases will result in amputation. Approximately 85 percent of all diabetes-related foot amputations, are predated by foot ulcers (Pecoraro 1990). In the US, patients with a diabetic foot ulcer see their outpatient carers on average fourteen times a year, and are hospitalised

Essay on Legalization of Same Sex Marriage - 1977 Words

Debate over the legalization of same sex marriage has been a large debate in the US for a long time. The two biggest groups that partake in this opposition come from either the religious community or by gay and non religious individuals. Religion to date plays a big part and influences decisions to keep same sex marriage illegal. It has been shown in studies (Woodward) that there are many religious groups that have been actively involved in support of ballots such as Proposition 8 in California. The influence from the religious sector is not unanimous. It appears that not all religious groups are opposed to same sex marriage. There are some denominations such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (2009) and the Presbyterian Church†¦show more content†¦Religious views and arguments do not belong in an area that involves these human rights and same sex couples should be entitled to have the same benefits as a heterosexual couple. What marriage means and its definition changed historically over time. In the Christian faith, marriage was controlled by the Church and all legal conflicts resolved by the Church courts. They believed that all marriage that was to be with one a man and woman. It was considered a life-long commitment and was entered into, with a contractual state of mind. This then legally defined each person’s role. The man was the head of household and provider for the wife. The wife and all of her assets became the husband’s property. The husband represented them both legally and the wife no longer had a legal identity. Only by death of either would the status change (Henley 2008). Today, marriage has evolved and changed in many ways. Partners in marriage do not have civil control over one another. Both partners in marriage are now equals. Pre nuptials are used when on partner, intending to marry wishes to protect their assets. The church no longer has legitimate power to control the public institution of marriage. The reason that religion is no longer a requirement for marriage is because of the doctrine of separation of church and state that our nation has a history of implementing. Separation of church and stateShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. 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Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we fooling

The Yellow Wallpaper Essay English Literature Essay Free Essays

During the nineteenth century, adult females sought to asseverate themselves in an effort to get the better of the position quo of male domination, which forbade them from political assignment and rational indulgence. Furthermore, experts in the kingdom of medical specialty and scientific discipline sought to qualm the idea of feminine upward mobility, by observing the comparative failing of females in an effort to warrant inequality ( Bed Rest 4 ) . â€Å" The Yellow Wallpaper † by Charlotte Perkins Gilman represents an flight from society ‘s functions of adult females and recovering the freedom they have lost. We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper Essay English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The storyteller, endeavoring for female individualism is invariably hindered by male domination derived from the 19th century which drives her to perpetrate self-destruction. In the articleWoman Sphere and Public Squarewritten by Karen Fisher Younger, she states: Americans from this clip period defined adult female ‘s function as domestic and private, separate from the universe of public life. More than this, it was thought adult female was morally and spiritually purer exactly because she stayed off from the perverting public sphere. It was during this clip adult females ‘s traditional domestic functions at place as married womans and female parents took on a sacred quality. And this separate domains ideology one private for adult females and the other public for work forces were perceived as changeless jurisprudence from God. ( 43 ) Ironically plenty, the political orientation of separate domains helped magnify adult females ‘s influence in the populace, harmonizing to historiographers. Womans were viewed as more moral and spiritually sound than work forces, touting the belief that adult females were better equipped to lend to the overall morality of society. The storyteller, a adult female prescribed to rest remedy by her physician/husband John, is confined to her sleeping room, a kid ‘s baby’s room with bad xanthous pigment and bars on the Windowss. The two Windowss that she looks out of, represents the possibilities of adult females if seen as peers by the opposite sex. The words she uses to depict her position through the first window are â€Å" I can see the garden, those cryptic deep-shaded arbor, the exuberant antique flowers, and shrubs and gnarled trees † ( 328 ) . The word picture of â€Å" the garden † represents society. The word â€Å" cryptic † show that adult females ‘s ability has n’t been brought away into the visible radiation. The 2nd 1 shows â€Å" the lovely position of the bay † and â€Å" a small private pier, belonging to the estate † ( 328 ) . The bay shows that society was unfamiliar with the abilities of adult females and the private pier shows that ad ult females are excluded from things in society. Following is the xanthous wallpaper. The colour yellow is looked at as mark of illness or failing. â€Å" The colour is rebarbative, about revolting: a smouldering dirty yellow, queerly faded by the slow-turning sunshine, It is a dull yet lurid orange in some topographic points, a sallow sulfur shade in others † ( 327 ) . This implies that adult females are the weaker of the two sexes. The storyteller ‘s hubby tells her to acquire over her disfavor of the xanthous wall paper in the room. â€Å" He laughs at me so about this wallpaper! At foremost he intend to repaper the room, but subsequently he said that I was allowing it acquire the better of me, and that nil was worse for a nervous patient than to give manner to such illusions † ( 327 ) . This shows that when adult females try to liberate themselves from the restrictive bonds of society, work forces oppress them and implement the thought that they are inferior. The want of the storyteller ‘s individualism drives her to perpetrate self-destruction. She wants to leap out the window but â€Å" the bars are excessively strong even to seek † ( 335 ) . The bars symbolize the restrictive clasp that her hubby or all work forces have on her, or all adult females in society. â€Å" I ‘ve got a rope up here that even Jennie did non happen † ( 335 ) , the rope symbolizes the manner she is traveling to manage her state of affairs. As John comes to the door and tells the storyteller to open it, she had already locked it from the interior. â€Å" In the soft voice † she tells him, â€Å" I ca n’t, † and that â€Å" the key is down by the front stairss under the plantain foliage † ( 335 ) . At this minute in clip she is â€Å" firmly fastened † by the â€Å" well-hidden rope † and is already strung up like â€Å" all those strangled caputs † behind the wallpaper ( 335 ) . John goes to recover the key, he comes back to open the door and to his surprise he faints. The horror behind all this was he put her in that room where she became imprisoned by the wallpaper. In decision, you could state that hanging herself was her signifier of flight. In a male dominated society adult females during this period were suppose to be seen and non heard, and their occupation chiefly was to hold kids and take attention of the house. The storyteller had things she loved to make, but because of the clip in which she lived, those things were non what the regulations of society wanted. â€Å" There comes John, and I must set this off – he hates to hold me compose a word † ( 327 ) . She has her ain thoughts and ideas that she would wish to show. â€Å" I think sometimes that if I were merely good plenty to compose a small, it would alleviate the imperativeness of thoughts, and rest me † ( 328 ) . The manner adult females were treated so â€Å" It is so detering non to hold any advice ; and companionship about their work † ( 328 ) . The storyteller ‘s state of affairs could hold been avoided, if her hubby had listened to the warnin g marks and allowed her the little pleasances she delighted in. The parturiency of the xanthous wallpapered room allowed the mute subjugation of her life to attest and subsequently lead to her self-destruction. Plants Cited â€Å" Bed Rest Would n’t Make for Pioneering Feminist. †USA Today Magazine139.2777 ( 2010 ) : 4-5. Print. Fisher Younger, Karen. â€Å" Women ‘s Sphere and the Public Square: The Beecher Sisters ‘ Dilemma Over Slavery. †International Congressional Journal8.2 ( 2009 ) : 43-51. Print. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å" The Yellow Wallpaper. † Kennedy and Gioia 325-336. Kennedy, X.J. , and Dana Gioia, eds.Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing.6th Compact erectile dysfunction. New York: Longman, 2010. Print How to cite The Yellow Wallpaper Essay English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Indian Politics free essay sample

Politics of India India is the largest democracy in the world. India has the biggest number of people with franchise rights and the largest number of political parties, which take part in election campaign. In the 1996 national elections, almost 600 million people voted and an average of 26 candidates competed for each of the 543 territorial constituency seats. Elections are held at different levels. The two major election levels are at national level, after which the national government is established and at state level after which the state government is established. Elections are also held for city, town and village councils. There are different political issues in Indian politics. Some are national level and some regional level. Some communities just demand more economical and social rights for their communities. While others demand more autonomy for their cultures within the Indian states. Some demanded autonomous states within the Indian Union, while the others demanded to be independent from India. With all its problems India survives as a single state with democratic character. But a number of political problems still exist and remain unsolved in India. Political administration of India India is a democracy. Before its independence its future leaders chose the liberal democratic system as the administration system of India. On 26/01/1950, India declared itself as Republic. On this day the Constitution of India came into force. Today India is a federation of 28 states and 7 union territories and formally this federation is known as a Union. Nominally the head of the country is the President in whom all executive powers are vested, but the real administrator of the country is the Prime Minister. After the national elections are held the President calls the most suitable candidate to form a government, known as the central government. Normally this candidate is the head of the largest party in the parliament. In case the government resigns because of any reason, the President can call the other candidate to form the government. The President can also declare, according to government advice, on new elections and if necessary an emergency state. The President has the right to be updated about crucial government matters and other rights like giving amnesty to prisoners etc. According to the Constitution, elections are to be held once in every five years, unless the parliament dissolves earlier or on the other hand, emergency is declared and in such a case parliament can continue another year. The Indian Parliament consists of two houses. The Lower House called the Lok Sabha and the Upper House called the Rajya Sabha. In the national elections candidates are chosen for the Lower House. The candidates are elected in territorial constituencies. There are 543 territorial constituencies. Two members from the Anglo-Indian community are nominated to the Lower House by the President. The law, which obliges Government office to reserve 15% from the Scheduled Castes and 7% from the Scheduled Tribes, also exists in the Parliament. At least 22% of the Indian Parliament members belong to these two communities (see Caste system in modern India). In the past few years there is an attempt to oblige a law to allow about 33% women as Parliament members. The Upper House, Rajya Sabha, consists of up to 250 members. Of these members 230 are elected by state legislatures and about 15 are nominated by the President. Unlike the Lower House, the Upper House cannot be dissolved, but one third of its members resign every two years. Most of the parliamentary activities, passing laws, no-confidence votes, budget bills, take place in the Lower House. The Upper House together with the Lower House amends the Constitution. These two Houses together with the state legislatures also elect the President. The states have their own legislatures. Some states have two Houses and some only one House. The Lower House where most of the legislature activities happen is called the Vidhan Sabha. The state elections are held every five years unless the state government is dissolved earlier. In these elections members for the Lower House are elected. Head of a state is called Chief Minister, who is member of the Lower House. Constitutionally the figurehead of the state is the Governor, who is appointed by the President according to the advice of the national government. After the state elections the governor calls for the suitable candidate to form the government. In general the governor has more legislative rights at state level than the President has at national level. The governor can call on early elections in the state, or fire the government if he thinks that the government has failed or is unstable. In the federal relations between the state and central government, the central government has more authority on state matters than the state government. For example the central government has the right to redistribute the state borders without consulting the state governments on this matter. If the political conditions in any state are not stable, the national government can call on the President to declare Presidents rule in that specific state. And so the government in that state is dissolved, which means an emergency rule is declared and sometimes if necessary the army is put to work in that state. Even though the Constitution determinates the rights of the different authorities in the administration process, there can be other pressures like strong lobbies or strong political parties, which, sometimes determinate the real administration process. Sometimes the authority implemented by the President is questioned by the government or by political parties as deviation from his constitutional rights as the nominal head of the Union. Political parties in India The Indian political parties are categorized into two main types. National level parties and state level parties. National parties are political parties which, participate in different elections all over India. For example, Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, Samajwadi Party, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and some other parties. State parties or regional parties are political parties which, participate in different elections but only within one state. For example Shiv Sena participates only in Maharashtra, Telegu Desam in Andra Pradesh, Akali Dal in Punjab, Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (DMK) in Tamil Nadu and there are other such state parties. There are some small communist parties who participate only within one state. Some states have more than one state party. For example in Tamil Nadu another important state party is All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK). Because of these long party names many party names are abbreviated to their initials. Some the political parties have their origin from before Indias independence, for example, Indian National Congress, Forward Bloc, Akali Dal, National Conference and some other parties. Some of these parties were either social or political organization before Indias independence and they became political parties after Indias independence. But many of the present parties were established after Indias independence. Members, who split from larger parties, established some of these parties. For example in the 1960s, Lok Dal was established by people who split from the Indian National Congress. Communist Party of India (Marxist) was established after the split in Communist Party of India and there are other such examples. In Indian politics, there are political parties in which one person pulls all the strings. This feature existed even before Indias independence, when Mahatma Gandhi was the father figure of the Indian National Congress until his death in 1948 even though he resigned from the Congress in 1933. Indira Gandhi for some period was in complete control of her party. Her party was also named, Congress (Indira). Shiv Sena is dominated by Bal Thakarey. Even when the Shiv Sena won the state elections in Maharashtra, Bal Thakarey handled the establishment of the state government but did not appoint himself as the Chief Minister but appointed someone else for this post. Some of these parties, like the Shiv Sena in which one person pulls all the strings, have their stronghold in the public not because of their leader but because of party ideology. While other parties are completely dependable on the respect the leader of the party has in the public. One such party is Samata Party and its leader is George Fernandes. Another such party was Lok Shakti and its leader was Ramakrishna Hegde. Many of the large national parties have a pre-election agreement with smaller parties on joint candidates in some constituencies. This candidate belongs to one of the parties and the other party supports this candidate. This is done to prevent a possibility of parties, with common national agenda or common state agenda, nominate their own different candidates causing the splitting of the votes of their wing and so losing the constituency to the rival wing. In Indian politics there are also many independent candidates. These candidates participate in election constituencies independently without the support of any party. In very few cases the larger parties also support independent candidates. Another feature unique to Indian politics is the high number of film actors who join the Indian politics. The Indian cinema produces films in different languages. The largest and the most popular film industry is the Hindi language film industry. Many national parties recruit Hindi movie actors in their parties. While many state parties with state chauvinism attract local film industry actors in their parties. These actors do not only appear along side with the party politicians to attract the mob towards the politicians gatherings, but they even participate as candidates in elections. Some of the state parties in south India were established by former movie actors. National Parties National parties are political parties which participate in different elections held all over India. Some of the national parties have their origin even before Indias independence. The oldest national party in India is the Indian National Congress (INC). In was established in 1885 as a pro-British Indian organization. Later on it became the main voice of Indias freedom struggle. After Indias independence, the British passed the administration of India to the leaders of the Indian National Congress. Until 1966 the Congress was a stable party. In 1966 Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress and Prime Minister of India. From this period the Congress lost its stability. Some of the veteran members of the Congress did not accept her leadership and they tried to dispose her. In 1969 the Congress split and her opponents established a new Congress part. But still INC was the largest and ruling party of India. Indira Gandhis Congress lost the 1977 elections to the Janata Party. A few months after the defeat, another split happened in the Congress party. The party of Indira Gandhi was called Congress ( I ), the initial denoting of her name. During this period many more splits and coalitions occurred within the different Congress parties. Some of these new party members including its founders returned later on to the Congress ( I ) party and the party was renamed Indian National Congress. But there are others who left the INC at different periods and established parties outside the fold of Congress and have a name Congress in their party name. Before the 1999 elections some senior members of the INC were forced to resign because they questioned the leadership of Sonia Gandhi. These people have created the National Congress Party to participate in 1999 elections. The INC is in the Indian political arena prior to Indias independence. There were other parties, which were established after independence, and, for some period, were challenging the continuous rule of the Congress, some of them were almost vanished from the political arena. The first political party which, was seen as challenging the Congress continuous rule was Swatantra Party. It was established in 1959 and was supported by some big businessmen. It opposed the socialism policy of the Congress It had members in the Lok Sabha until 1977. Another party, which challenged the Congress party but later on almost vanished from the political arena, was Janata Party. Janata Party was the first political party in India to establish a non-Congress government when it won the 1977 elections. Janata Party was established before the 1977 elections. The person responsible for the formation of Janata Party was Jayaprakash Narayan, called in short JP. JP was a freedom fighter and a social activist. Many in India respected him and saw in him a moral figure. In the early 1970s the reign of Indira Gandhi began to show signs of corruption and dictatorship and there was a general feeling that liberal democracy is coming to an end. JP openly attacked Indira Gandhis policy and asked other leaders to express their views about the dangers. Between 1975-77 emergency rule was declared. During this period many of Gandhis political rivals were arrested and put behind the bars. Censorship was enforced on Indian press. The justice system was restricted and turned into puppet show of the government. The people also suffered a lot from this emergency rule. Under the birth control policy many people were forced to have sterilization. Even so Indira Gandhi was sure that the Indian people would support her because her general intention was to make India a better place and so she declared elections in 1977. To prevent her victory different political parties organized as one party. This party was called Janata Party. The main factions of this party were, Congress (O), Lok Dal, Jan Sangh, and other parties. This party won the 1977 elections and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India. But this party as it was formed did not survive for a long time. This party which was actually a group of factions with one desire to defeat Indira Gandhi, did not find any thing common among its members after they defeated Gandhi. As long as JP was alive, the different factions still stayed together. But after his death in 1978 a clear split occurred in the Janata Party between Morarji Desais supporters and Charan Singhs supporters. In 1979 Morarji Desai resigned as Prime Minister and other members tried to replace Prime Minister. During this period Jagjivan Ram, an untouchable according to strict Hindu society, was very near to become a Prime Minister. But finally Charan Singh of the Lok Dal faction was proclaimed the new Prime Minister. A few weeks after Charan Singh became the Prime Minister, because of the instability in the coalition, the president declared on new elections. In 1980 new national elections took place in which Indira Gandhis Congress again won the elections. Later on after these elections, different factions of the Janata Party broke up from the Janata Party and established their own parties. Among these parties were Jan Sangh which later on was renamed Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP). Janata Party continues to survive, but is very small. In the 1996 elections it did not win any seat in the national elections and in the 1998 elections it won only one seat. Another political party which, was actually a political bloc of different factions and managed to form a government was Janata Dal. This party was established because of the claim that there was corruption in the Congress government. In 1984 Rajiv Gandhi formed the Congress government. The finance minister of his government was VP Singh. VP Singh found out that a Swedish company, Bofors, was bribing some senior members of the Congress. Singh tried to investigate this affair. Gandhi moved him from the office and made him Defence Minister, but Singh resigned from the government and started a new party called Janata Dal. This party was made up of former Janata Party, Lok Dal and some INC members. In the 1989 elections this party came second after INC but it managed to establish a coalition government with other parties. This coalition was called National Front. This front also broke up after two years. Between 1996 and 2004 the largest party was the Bhartiya Janata Party. The BJP began its political career after Indias independence with only three members in the first elections held in 1952. The BJP is a Hindu nationalist party, which draws its inspiration from Hinduism. This party sees in India a Hindu state and it emphasizes Hindu pride and Hindu past of India. This party was established after Indias independence, but its origin is also pre-independence. In the 19th century a Hindu nationalist organization, Arya Samaj, was established. The ideas of this organization influenced another Hindu organization established later in British India, the Hindu Mahasabha. Hindu Mahasabha opposed the secular Congress philosophy and wanted to establish a Hindu state in British India. Another Hindu organization in British India was Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), meaning national volunteers organization. One person who belonged in different stages of his life to these two organizations assassinated Mahatma Gandhi in 1948. After his assassination these two organizations were outlawed for sometime. The leader of the Hindu Mahasabha, Shyam Mookherji resigned from the party and established with the members of RSS a new Hindu nationalist party, which was named Jana Sangh. This party had moderate ideas than the its former components. In its first two decades the partys major holds were in north Indias Hindi speaking regions, because this party supported turning Hindi into the national language of India (see Official Language of India). In 1977 this party was an important faction of the Janata Party. In the 1980s it broke from the Janata Party and changed its name to Bhartiya Jana Sangh. Later on it renamed itself as Bhartiya Janata Party. There are also other national parties, which were established in India. The Bahujan Samaj Party was established in the 1980s. But even though this party is a national party, its represents only the oppressed classes of India. Samajwadi Party was established in 1992. Two communist parties, Communist Party of India (CPI) and Communist party of India- Marxist (CPM) are also national parties. There are some parties who have national agendas but participate only in certain regions of India and not all over India. For example Forward Bloc (see also Subhas Chandra Bose) which participates in elections only in West Bengal and neighboring Bihar. Regional Parties Regional parties are parties whose main holds are in one certain state and mostly they participate in the elections only within that state. Most of these regional parties have agenda fitting certain culture dominant within that state. Some of these regional parties also participate in neighboring states, which have constituencies with culture similar to the first state. Different state parties were established at different periods because of different reasons. Some even have origins prior to Indias independence. In Tamil Nadu in south India, two main state parties are All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK) and Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (DMK). Of these two parties the DMK is the veteran party. The origins of these parties are prior to Indias independence. The main ideology of this party is Tamil national pride. Before Indias independence there were two Dravidian parties. One was Independent Party, which demand an independent Dravidstan in south India. Other was Justice Party, which had a Dravidian pride ideology. After Indias independence, the Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (DMK) was established from the merger of these two parties in the former state of Madras, in south India. This party first demanded an independent Dravidstan for all of south India. Later on the demand was changed to independent Tamil state. Finally this party compromised on a Tamil Nadu state within the Indian Union. In the beginning this party was anti-north Indian. They opposed to any entrance of any kind of cultures of north India. They specially attacked the attempt to introduce Hindi language in Tamil Nadu (see also Official languages of India). This party members also saw in the Tamili Brahmans agents of north India who immigrated to south India to enforce to north Indian Aryan culture on the south Indians (see Aryans and Dravidians). The party demanded to reserve the government jobs for Dravidians and not to immigrant Brahmans. In 1972 this party split and a new party was founded by MC Ramachandaran and it was named All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK). In 1987 Ramachandaran died and Jayalalita inherited him. In the last few years these Tamilian pride parties have moderated their ideologies and before the 1998 elections the AIADMK even cooperated with BJP, which is considered as a north Indian party. In Andra Pradesh, also in south India, Telegu Desam was founded in 1982 by Telegu film actor, NT Rao. The ideology of the party is similar to the ideology of the AIADMK, which is local cultural pride. In the Telugu Desam case, the local cultural pride is of Telugu culture. Another one state party is Akali Dal and its main hold is in Punjab, north India. This party is considered a state party, but actually it is a religion oriented party whose followers are the Sikhs. This party also has its origin prior to Indias independence. Before independence this party demanded from the British a separate entity for the Sikhs in Punjab. During the independence period these demands were delayed for a while. After independence this party began demanding special status for the Sikh culture and the Punjabi language. They struggled for a Punjabi state with a Sikh majority within the Indian Union and recognition of Punjabi as a distinct language. They succeeded in forming the establishment of Punjab in 1966, but it had a very small majority of the Sikhs (see Internal map of India). But they also succeeded in obtaining the recognition of Punjabi as a distinct language and not as a dialect of Hindi (see Official languages of India). Later on the Akali Dal broke up into some factions. Some of the militant factions of the Akali Dal demanded an independent Sikh state to be called Khalistan. But the dominant Akali Dal faction in Punjab wants Punjab to be a part of Indian Union. In Assam in east India and in Maharashtra in west India there are political parties which came into existence because of the discriminatory feelings of the local sons of soil population. In British India, Assam was a British province. For some period the British attached Assam to the neighboring Bengal province. During this period the Bengalis held many senior government posts. Later on Assam again became a separate province, but the government posts were still hold by the Bengalis. In the 1960s and the 1970s many Bengali oriented people immigrated to Assam. In the 1980s the Asom Gana Parishad was founded with an agenda to give back Assam to the Assamese people. In Maharashtra, in west India, the local population is known as Maharashtrians. Their language is known as Marathi. Sometimes the Maharashtrians are also known as Marathi. The capital of Maharashtra is Mumbai, formerly Bombay. During the British rule, the city of Bombay was the capital of Bombay State. The Bombay State included in it regions of present day Maharashtra and present day Gujarat. The main language of Gujarat is Gujarati. The Gujaratis are the business communities of India. The city of Bombay was the business center of India. Many business communities from Gujarat settled in Bombay and were the important business community of Bombay. But the majority of the population of Bombay was Marathi and they were the working classes of the city. Many Indians from all around India also immigrated to Bombay to find a better future. This made Bombay the largest Indian cosmopolitan. In 1960 Bombay State was divided into Maharashtra and Gujarat. Bombay the cultural capital of the Marathis and the Gujaratis was made capital of Maharashtra. After Maharashtra was established, a general feeling among many Marathis, was that Bombay is ruled and governed by foreigners. Their main targets were not the Gujarati business communities, but immigrants who arrived from all over India and settled in Bombay. So these people established the Shiv Sena party. This party which began as a protest movement of the Marathis in Bombay, slowly became popular all around Maharashtra. This party ideology was spiced with Hindu-Marathi nationalist pride. Its rivals consider this party as a fanatic and anti-Muslim party. According to the party policy, many places in Maharashtra were renamed with Marathi oriented names. For example Bombay was renamed back to its original name Mumbai (see Changing names of Indian places). There are other state parties in India. To name a few there are, National Conference in Kashmir, Haryana Vikas Party in Haryana, Manipur Peoples Party in Manipur, Maharashtrawadi Gomantak in Goa, Sikkim Democratic Front in Sikkim, Mizo National Front in Mizoram, and many other parties. People who broke away from larger national parties, like the Congress founded some state parties. For example the West Bengal Trinamul Congress, Tamil Manila Congress, Kerala Congress. There are also communist state parties. Congress parties The oldest national party in India is the Indian National Congress (INC). In was established in 1885 as a pro-British Indian organization. The real purpose of the British in establishing this organization was to continue to rule India with the help of liberal and pro-British Indians. Later on this organization became the main voice of Indias freedom struggle (see creating the Indian identity). Among its founders were Surendranath Benarjee, Dadabhai Naoroji and Justice M. G. Ranade. Before founding of the Congress, Justice M. G. Ranade had established an organization based on the ideas of the Brahmo Samaj with the aim of social and religious reforms in India. One of Ranades disciple, G. K. Gokhale, became the leader of Indian National Congress till 1915. Gokhale was considered by Mahatma Gandhi as his political guru. Mahatma Gandhi, more than any other Indian, is identified with modern Indias creation. After Indias independence, the British passed the administration of India to the leaders of the Indian National Congress. Mahatma Gandhi who was the father figure of the Congress party, suggested to transform the Indian National Congress into a charity organization, because the main cause of the Congress party was achieved. But the other leaders of the Congress did not accept his proposal and the Indian National Congress became a political party with a secular, socialist and democratic tendency. During its independence, two Congress leaders Jawarharlal Nehru and Vallabbhai Patel wanted to be the first Prime Minister of India. Nehru, who was younger, was secular and socialist oriented, while Patel was more Hindu nationalist oriented. Mahatma Gandhi wanted the young Jawarharlal Nehru to be Indias first Prime Minister and therefore Patel withdrew his candidacy. Before independence the Congress was a roof organization and it included many factions. After independence the Congress leaders changed the structure of the party and established a new political agenda. The different factions in the Congress could either join the new agenda or leave the Congress. Some left the Congress and established other political parties outside the Congress. And so some new political parties were established among them the Socialist Party of India and Forward Bloc (see Subhas Chandra Bose). Until 1950 the Congress was under the influence of these two leaders. After Patels death in 1950, Congress came under full influence of Jawarharlal Nehru. Nehru died in 1964, without appointing an heir. The party chose Lal Bahadur Shastri as the new leader. In 1966 Shastri arrived in Tashkent, in former Soviet Union to sign a cease-fire agreement with Pakistan. Shastri died in his sleep in Tashkent. After Shastris death, some Congress leaders competed for the leadership of the party. Surprisingly the inter party election was won by the less favorite candidate, Indira Gandhi. Indira Gandhi was Jawarharlal Nehrus daughter (and had no family relations with Mahatma Gandhi). Some of the veteran members of the Congress did not accept her leadership and they tried to dispose her of. In 1969 the Congress split up into two parties. The veteran members of the Congress established the Congress (O) party, while Indian National Congress was recognized as Congress (R). Of these two parties the INC was the larger and dominant party. The Congress (O) was no threat to Indira Gandhis Congress. Indira Gandhi was a very centralist leader. She pulled all the strings in the party and was seen as the dictator of her party. She planned to inherit her party to her younger son, Sanjay Gandhi. Between the years 1975-77 Indira Gandhi proclaimed emergency rule. During this period many of Gandhis political rivals were arrested and put behind the bars. Censorship was enforced on Indian press. The justice system was restricted and turned into puppet show of the government. The people also suffered a lot from this emergency rule. Under the birth control policy many people were forced to have sterilization. Even so Indira Gandhi was sure that the Indian people supported her because her general intention of making India a better place and so she declared elections in 1977. Her party lost the 1977 elections to the Janata Party. A few months after the Congress defeat in the elections, another split occured in the Congress party. The party of Indira Gandhi was called Congress ( I ), because of the initial of her name. During this period many more splits and coalitions occurred within the different Congress parties. One such party of the Congress during this period was established by former Congress member Sharad Pawar. He even established a government in the state of Maharashtra with this party which later on was known as Congress (S). Another party was established in Uttar Pradesh. Some of these new party members including it establishers like Sharad Pawar returned later on to the Congress ( I ) party and the party was renamed Indian National Congress. But there are others who left the INC at different periods and established parties outside the Congress and have a name Congress in their party name. For example West Bengal Trinamool Congress was established by Mumta Benarjee in West Bengal before the 1998 elections. Tamil Maanila Congress was established by Moopanar in Tamil Nadu. And there are more other such parties. There were some Congress members who resigned from the Congress and established parties without having the name Congress in their party name. For example Lok Dal which, was established in the 1960s by Charan Singh and Janata Dal which was established by VP Singh after resigning from the INC in the late 1980s. Before the 1999 elections some senior members of the INC were forced to resign because they questioned the leadership of Sonia Gandhi. These people have created the National Congress Party to participate in 1999 elections. Sonia Gandhi who led the INC in the 1999 elections is the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, the elder son of Indira Gandhi. She was born in Italy to a European Christian family. She met Rajiv Gandhi in England and married him. Indira Gandhi intended to inherit her party to her younger son Sanjay. But Sanjay died in a plane crash in 1980. So Indira Gandhi forced her elder son, who had no interest in politics, to resign from his job as a pilot and join politics. In 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards (see Indian nationalism and Gandhi murders). Rajiv Gandhi was proclaimed her heir. He was Prime Minister of India until 1989. In the 1991 election campaign a suicide bomber assassinated him. The Congress appointed Narsimha Rao as its new leader. After losing the 1996 elections Rao resigned. For sometime Sitaram Kesari was the leader, but many Congress members saw in Sonia Gandhi as the new leader and gave her lot of respect. They thought that the Congress needs a Gandhi as its leader to attract votes. In the 1999 elections Sonia Gandhi led the INC party, but it did not win the elections. In 2004 elections she again led the party and this time INC won the elections. But when offered the Prime Ministership, Sonia Gandhi refused the offer claiming her inner voice prevented her from doing so. She remains the party leader and another senior party member, Manmohan Singh, was selected Prime Minister of India. Communist parties in India In the early 19th century a new philosophy in political world emerged and it was Marxism. Many people in India were impressed by Marxist ideas and many communists from around the world arrived in India to teach and preach the communist philosophy. After the communist revolution, which occurred in Russia in 1917, many in India wished to cause same kind of revolution in India against the British. Under inspiration from Moscow the Communist Party of India (CPI) was established. Like other communist parties in the world, this partys members also had strong relations with Moscow and its actions were dictated by Moscow. This party did not support the freedom struggle, which was organized by the Indian National Congress and saw it as a struggle organized by rich businessmen. After Indias independence, many Indian leaders blamed the Communist party as a Russian agent and as a party acting according to orders from Moscow. In 1957 this party won the state elections held in Keralla, in south India, and so gave the world a precedent in which people democratically elected a communist regime. In 1964 the Communist Party of India split into two parties. The new party added the word Marxist to the party name and is called in short, CPM. The CPI, between these two parties was considered as a Russian agent in India until the emergence of Prestroika in Russia. Of these two parties the CPM is the stronger party. Their main strength was in West Bengal in east India and in Keralla, south India. Along with these two national level communist parties, there are also communist parties who act only within one state. Such parties exist in West Bengal, Tripura and Kerala. There are also some communist oriented violent local organizations who tried to fulfill the communist ideology with violent methods. These groups attacked big landlords, government representatives and government property. These groups are sometimes called Maoist groups or Naxalite groups, because of the place named Naxalbari where first such violent attempt took place.